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to launch tests

Толкование Перевод

1 launch operational tests

• изпитване преди пускане в експлоатация

English-Bulgarian polytechnical dictionary > launch operational tests
2 test

1. n
испытание; проверка, исследование

to abandon nuclear weapon tests — отказываться от испытаний ядерного оружия

to call off a test — отменять испытание

to carry out a test — проводить испытание

to cease test — прекращать испытания

to conduct a test — проводить испытание

to deplore nuclear tests — выражать сожаление по поводу испытаний ядерного оружия

to detect a nuclear test — обнаруживать факт проведения испытания ядерного оружия

to discontinue nuclear tests — прекращать ядерные испытания

to give smb advance notice about a test — заблаговременно оповещать кого-л. о предстоящем испытании

to impose a strict means test for new applicants — вводить строгую проверку имущественного положения лиц, претендующих на что-л. (напр. на пособие по безработице)

to launch tests — начинать испытания

to put to test — подвергать испытаниям

to refrain from nuclear tests — воздерживаться от испытаний ядерного оружия

to reintroduce a ban on all nuclear tests — восстанавливать запрет на все ядерные испытания

to resume tests — возобновлять испытания

to stop tests — прекращать испытания

to submit smb to a lie detector test — подвергать кого-л. проверке на детекторе лжи

to win a test of opinion — побеждать при опросе общественного мнения

- acid test for smb
- acid test of smb's intentions
- atmospheric nuclear test
- ban of tests
- compulsory AIDS test
- economy test
- electoral test
- field test
- general and complete cessation of nuclear weapons tests
- laboratory test
- lie detector test
- literacy test
- loyalty test
- means test
- military test
- nuclear test
- nuclear weapons test
- organization faces a daunting credibility test
- prohibition of tests
- real test of strength
- series of tests
- site of nuclear tests
- temporary halt of nuclear weapons tests
- test of confidence in smb
- test of popularity for smb
- underground nuclear tests
- weapon test
- weapons test 2. v
испытывать; подвергать испытанию; проверять

Politics english-russian dictionary > test
3 изпитване преди пускане в експлоатация

launch operational test

launch operational tests

Български-Angleščina политехнически речник > изпитване преди пускане в експлоатация
4 test

испытание, проба, исследование, см. тж. testing, trials; испытывать, пробовать; исследовать

acceptable environmental range test — испытание для определения диапазона допустимых изменений условий окружающей среды

blade spin pit test — испытание лопасти на крутку

free-flight wind tunnel model tests — испытания свободнолетающих моделей в аэродинамической трубе

jolt and jumble test — разг. испытание на удар и вибрацию

large-scale tests of model — испытание крупномасштабной модели

low cycle fatigue tests — испытания на малоцикловую усталость

partial climb flight tests — лётные испытания «на зубцы»

random noise vibration tests — виброиспытания на случайные акустические нагрузки

rejected takeoff braking tests — испытания тормозов при прерванном взлете

research and development test — доводочное испытание (новой конструкции)

short takeoff and landing flight tests — лётные испытания самолёта с коротким взлетом и посадкой

single engine stall tests — испытания на срыв [сваливание] с одним работающим двигателем

spin tunnel model tests — испытание моделей в штопорной аэродинамической трубе

static test through ultimate load — статическое испытание до разрушения (образца)

supercharged CFR engine test — оценка детонационной стойкости (авиационных бензинов) на одноцилиндровой установке CFR

thermal vacuum chamber test — испытание в термобарокамере

water(-flow, -impingement) test — холодная проливка (ракетного двигателя)

wind tunnel (model) tests — исследования (на моделях) в аэродинамической трубе

— ability test

— ablation test

— acceleration test

— acceptance test

— acoustic emission test

— acoustical fatigue test

— acoustical test

— aerodynamic tests

— aeroelastic tests

— aerospace-simulation test

— air test

— aircrew classification test

— airfield performance test

— airplane ground tests

— airworthiness tests

— altitude test

— altitude-chamber test

— altitude-simulation test

— antiicing performance test

— autothrottle tests

— ballistic impact test

— bed test

— bench test

— blow-down test

— boom test

— breakdown tests

— buffet test

— calibration test

— captive test

— carrier qualification test

— carrier suitability test

— cascade test

— catapult model tests

— catapulting test

— chamber test

— clean configuration test

— climatic test

— climbing test

— cold start tests

— cold-chamber test

— cold-flow test

— cold-temperature test

— combat-environment test

— compatibility test

— composite test

— compression test

— configuration test

— control test

— crosswind taxi tests

— cruise range tests

— cyclical tests

— deceleration test

— delayed-ignition test

— depth perception test

— development flight tests

— ditching test

— dive test

— diving test

— drop test

— dummy test

— durability test

— dynamic load test

— dynamic model tests

— dynamic stability test

— dynamic test

— dynamometer test

— earth-orbital flight test

— ejection test

— electromagnetic compatibility tests

— endurance test

— engine endurance tests

— engine icing tests

— engine-out test

— environmental test

— escape test

— evaluation tests

— facility ablation test

— fail-safe tests

— failure test

— familiarization test

— field test

— firing test

— flame test

— flattening test

— flight proficiency test

— flight readiness test

— flight test

— flight-approval test

— flight-rating test

— flow test

— flutter damping tests

— flutter test

— flying test

— fracture-toughness tests

— free-drop test

— free-fall test

— free-flight test

— free-spinning model tests

— fuel flow test

— fuel-jettisoning test

— full-scale test

— gear test

— glide test

— go-around tests

— go-no-go test

— ground loop tests

— ground resonance test

— ground-based test

— guidance test

— gyro test

— high-altitude test

— high-pressure test

— high-speed tests

— high-temperature test

— hold-down test

— hot jet test

— hot test

— hovering test

— human test

— human tolerance test

— hydro fatigue tests

— hypervelocity impact test

— icing test

— in-flight tests

— infrared test

— ingestion test

— instrument flying test

— integrated test

— jet test

— landing test

— leakage test

— level speed tests

— life cycling test

— life test

— lift-jet flight tests

— live test

— longevity test

— long-time creep-rupture test

— low-level tests

— low-speed test

— low-temperature test

— meteorite-strike test

— military qualification test

— mock-up test

— model test

— multiaircraft flight tests

— noise test

— noise-fatigue test

— nose-cone test

— nuclear hardening tests

— on-the-pad test

— operational test

— orbital test

— out-of-atmosphere test

— panel-crippling test

— partial glide test

— passenger evacuation test

— peeling test

— performance tests

— piloted flight test

— pitot static test

— power calibration test

— powered-flight test

— precertification flight tests

— predelivery test

— prefiring test

— preflight test

— prelaunch test

— pressure test

— pressure-plotting tests

— pressurization test

— production flight tests

— program-control test

— program-fatigue test

— propellant-flowtest

— propulsion integration tests

— propulsion tests

— proving-ground test

— psychomotor test

— psychotechnic tests

— pulling test

— qualification test

— quick-stop tests

— radar reflection tests

— radius-of-turn test-s

— randomized-step test

— refueling test

— reliability test

— rendezvous simulated test

— rendezvous test

— repeated loading test

— rotor freedom test

— run-in test

— scale-model test

— screening test

— sea-level-pressure test

— separation test

— service test

— shakedown test

— shake-table test

— shielding test

— shock test

— simulated test

— simulation test

— single axis test

— skin-friction tests

— slam test

— sled test

— slush runway test

— sonic test

— space-borne test

— spacecraft test

— space-ship test

— speed/altitude tests

— spin recovery test

— spin susceptibility tests

— spinning tests

— stability test

— stage separation tests

— stalling test

— static corrosion test

— stores separation tests

— structural dynamics test

— structural test

— submerged launch test

— suborbital test

— subsonic test

— supersonic boom tests

— supersonic test

— takeoff test

— Taliani test

— tank test

— temperature test

— tensile test

— tension-tension tests

— testbed test

— tethered test

— thermal cycling tests

— thermal fatigue test

— thermal performance test

— thermal shock test

— thermomechanical erosion tests

— thrust chamber test

— torque test

— torsional test

— towing-basin test

— towing-tank test

— track test

— tracking test

— transition-flight test

— transonic test

— tuft test

— tunnel test

— turbulence tests

— turning tests

— unmanned tests

— vacuum test

— variable geometry tests

— vertical test

— wake turbulence tests

— wander test

— water recovery test

— water-tank fatigue tests

— whirl ing test

— zero-g test

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > test
5 aussetzen

(trennb., hat -ge-)

I v/t

1. (Kind, Tier) abandon; auf einer Insel: maroon

2. (Fische, wilde Tiere) release (into the wild); AGR. (Pflanzen) plant out

3. NAUT. (Boote) launch, lower; (Passagiere) put ashore, disembark

4. (preisgeben) expose ( Dat to); (Kritik, Spott etc.) auch lay open to; Wind und Wetter / den neugierigen Blicken ausgesetzt sein be exposed to the weather / inquisitive stares; jemandes Launen hilflos ausgesetzt sein be at the mercy of s.o.’s moods

5. im Testament: bequeath, leave; (Belohnung, Preis) offer, promise; einen Kopfpreis auf jemanden aussetzen put a price on s.o.’s head; für Hinweise, die zur Ergreifung des Täters führen, sind 1000 Euro ausgesetzt 1000 euros are offered for information that leads to an arrest

6. (unterbrechen) interrupt; JUR. (Verfahren, Urteil) suspend

7. JUR.: ( eine Strafe) zur Bewährung aussetzen give a suspended sentence

8. etwas aussetzen ( oder auszusetzen haben) an (+ Dat) object to, find fault with; was ist oder gibt es daran auszusetzen? what’s wrong with it?; er hat immer etwas auszusetzen (an + Dat) he’s never satisfied (with), he never stops criticizing; er hat dauernd was an mir auszusetzen he’s always going on at (Am. picking on) me about something (or other); ich habe nichts daran auszusetzen I have no objections, I have nothing against it; an Gerät etc.: I have no complaints (about it)

9. Billard: (Kugel) place

10. WIRTS., Ware zur Verpackung: prepare (for packing)

11. KATH. (das Allerheiligste) expose

II v/i

1. (unterbrechen) stop, break off; Herz, Pulsschlag: miss a beat; öfter: be irregular; völlig: stop (beating); Motor: stall

2. (eine Pause machen) take a rest; beim Spiel: ( eine Runde) aussetzen ( müssen) (have to) miss a turn, (have to) sit (a round) out; einen Tag aussetzen take a day off; mit etw. aussetzen stop (+ Ger.) sie hat mit der Pille ausgesetzt she’s stopped taking the pill; ohne auszusetzen without stopping

III v/refl siehe I 4

* * *

(stehen bleiben) to misfire;

(unterbrechen) to discontinue;

(zurücklassen) to expose;

sich aussetzen

to submit

* * *
aus|set|zen sep
1. vt

1) Kind, Haustier to abandon; Wild, Fische to release; Pflanzen to plant out; (NAUT ) Passagiere to maroon; Boot to lower

2)

(= preisgeben) áússetzen — to expose sb/sth to sth

jdn dem Gelächter áússetzen — to expose sb to ridicule

3) (= festsetzen) Belohnung, Preis to offer; (in Testament) to bequeath, to leave

1000 Dollar áússetzen — to put 1,000 dollars on sb's head

für Hinweise, die zur Ergreifung der Täter führen, sind 5.000 Euro Belohnung ausgesetzt — a reward of 5,000 euros is being offered for information leading to the arrest of the suspects

4) (= unterbrechen) to interrupt; Debatte, Prozess to adjourn; Zahlung to break off

5) (= vertagen) Strafvollstreckung, Verfahren to suspend; Urteilsverkündung to defer

eine Strafe zur Bewährung áússetzen — to give a suspended sentence

6)

an jdm/etw etwas auszusetzen haben — to find fault with sb/sth

daran ist nichts auszusetzen — there is nothing wrong with it

daran habe ich nur eines auszusetzen — I've only one objection to make to that

was haben Sie daran auszusetzen? — what don't you like about it?

7) Billardkugel to place

8) (ECCL) to expose

2. vi
(= aufhören) to stop; (Mensch) to break off, to stop; (bei Spiel) to sit out; (Herz) to stop (beating); (Motor) to fail, to stop; (= versagen) to give out
mit etw áússetzen — to stop sth

mit der Pille áússetzen — to stop taking the pill

mit der Behandlung áússetzen — to interrupt the treatment

zwei Wochen mit der Arbeit áússetzen — to interrupt one's work for two weeks

ich setze besser mal aus — I'd better have a break; (bei Spiel) I'd better sit this one out

einen Tag áússetzen — to take a day off

ohne auszusetzen — without a break

* * *

1) (to stop working, sometimes because of a safety device: The engines cut out ( noun cut-out).) cut out

2) cut out

3) ((an) act of exposing or state of being exposed: Prolonged exposure of the skin to hot sun can be harmful.) exposure

4) (to uncover; to leave unprotected from (eg weather, danger, observation etc): Paintings should not be exposed to direct sunlight; Don't expose children to danger.) expose

5) (to put (someone) on shore on a lonely island from which he cannot escape.) maroon

6) (to remain seated during a dance: Let's sit (this one) out.) sit out

7) (to cause to suffer, or submit (to something): He was subjected to cruel treatment; These tyres are subjected to various tests before leaving the factory.) subject

* * *

Aus·set·zen

<->

nt kein pl s. Aussetzung

* * *
1.
transitives Verb

1) expose (Dat. to)

Belastungen ausgesetzt sein — be subject to strains

2) (sich selbst überlassen) abandon < baby, animal>; (auf einer einsamen Insel) maroon

3) (hinaussetzen) release < animal> [into the wild]; plant out <plants, seedlings>; launch, lower < boat>

4)

an jemandem/etwas nichts auszusetzen haben — have no objection to somebody/something

an jemandem/etwas/allem etwas auszusetzen haben — find fault with somebody/something/everything

daran war nichts auszusetzen — there was nothing wrong with that

5) (in Aussicht stellen) offer <reward, prize>

eine große Summe für etwas aussetzen — provide a large sum for something

6) (Kaufmannsspr.) prepare < consignment> [for packing]
2.
intransitives Verb

1) (aufhören) stop; <engine, machine> cut out, stop; < heart> stop [beating]

2) (eine Pause machen) < player> miss a turn

er muss solang[e] aussetzen, bis er eine Sechs würfelt — he must wait until he throws a six

mit seinem Studium aussetzen — interrupt one's studies

mit den Tabletten aussetzen — stop taking the tablets

* * *

aussetzen (trennb, hat -ge-)

A. v/t

1. (Kind, Tier) abandon; auf einer Insel: maroon

2. (Fische, wilde Tiere) release (into the wild); AGR (Pflanzen) plant out

3. SCHIFF (Boote) launch, lower; (Passagiere) put ashore, disembark

4. (preisgeben) expose (dat to); (Kritik, Spott etc) auch lay open to;

Wind und Wetter/den neugierigen Blicken ausgesetzt sein be exposed to the weather/inquisitive stares;

jemandes Launen hilflos ausgesetzt sein be at the mercy of sb’s moods

5. im Testament: bequeath, leave; (Belohnung, Preis) offer, promise;

einen Kopfpreis auf jemanden aussetzen put a price on sb’s head;

für Hinweise, die zur Ergreifung des Täters führen, sind 1000 Euro ausgesetzt 1000 euros are offered for information that leads to an arrest

6. (unterbrechen) interrupt; JUR (Verfahren, Urteil) suspend

7. JUR:

(eine Strafe) zur Bewährung aussetzen give a suspended sentence

8.

etwas aussetzen ( oder

auszusetzen haben)

an (+dat) object to, find fault with;

was ist oder

gibt es daran auszusetzen? what’s wrong with it?;

er hat immer etwas auszusetzen (

an +dat) he’s never satisfied (with), he never stops criticizing;

er hat dauernd was an mir auszusetzen he’s always going on at (US picking on) me about something (or other);

ich habe nichts daran auszusetzen I have no objections, I have nothing against it; an Gerät etc: I have no complaints (about it)

9. Billard: (Kugel) place

10. WIRTSCH, Ware zur Verpackung: prepare (for packing)

11. KATH (das Allerheiligste) expose

B. v/i

1. (unterbrechen) stop, break off; Herz, Pulsschlag: miss a beat; öfter: be irregular; völlig: stop (beating); Motor: stall

2. (eine Pause machen) take a rest; beim Spiel:

(eine Runde) aussetzen (müssen) (have to) miss a turn, (have to) sit (a round) out;

einen Tag aussetzen take a day off;

mit etwas

aussetzen stop (+ger)

sie hat mit der Pille ausgesetzt she’s stopped taking the pill;

ohne auszusetzen without stopping

C. v/r → A 4

* * *
1.
transitives Verb

1) expose (Dat. to)

Belastungen ausgesetzt sein — be subject to strains

2) (sich selbst überlassen) abandon <baby, animal>; (auf einer einsamen Insel) maroon

3) (hinaussetzen) release < animal> [into the wild]; plant out <plants, seedlings>; launch, lower < boat>

4)

an jemandem/etwas nichts auszusetzen haben — have no objection to somebody/something

an jemandem/etwas/allem etwas auszusetzen haben — find fault with somebody/something/everything

daran war nichts auszusetzen — there was nothing wrong with that

5) (in Aussicht stellen) offer <reward, prize>

eine große Summe für etwas aussetzen — provide a large sum for something

6) (Kaufmannsspr.) prepare < consignment> [for packing]
2.
intransitives Verb

1) (aufhören) stop; <engine, machine> cut out, stop; < heart> stop [beating]

2) (eine Pause machen) < player> miss a turn

er muss solange aussetzen, bis er eine Sechs würfelt — he must wait until he throws a six

mit seinem Studium aussetzen — interrupt one's studies

mit den Tabletten aussetzen — stop taking the tablets

* * *

v.

to suspend v.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > aussetzen
6 SLT

1) Компьютерная техника: Solid Logic Technology

2) Медицина: Speech Language Therapist (логопед)

3) Американизм: Strategic Leadership Training

4) Военный термин: Ship Letter Telegram, Slit, simulated launch test, special launch trajectory, stockpile laboratory tests

5) Техника: Skip Loader Telescopic, side light, spaceborne landmark tracker

6) Химия: стандартная лабораторная температура

7) Религия: Spiritual Leadership Team

8) Грубое выражение: Small Little And Tight

9) Оптика: satellite laser tracking

10) Телекоммуникации: Signaling Link Termination, Strong Like Thunder

11) Сокращение: Standing Group on Long-term Cooperation, skylight, slate, spotlight

12) Текстиль: Shoe Lace Trick

13) Университет: School Of Leadership Training, Student Leadership Team

14) Физиология: Slight

15) Экология: sea level temperature

16) Образование: School Leadership Team

17) Сетевые технологии: Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty, Site Log Test, subscriber line terminal, однолинейный телефон, терминал абонентской линии

18) Расширение файла: Salt Script Application Language script source (Telix)

19) HR. strategic leadership team

20) Должность: Speech And Language Therapy

21) NYSE. Silverline Technologies, American Depositary Receipts

22) СМС: Something Like That

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > SLT
7 SLt

1) Компьютерная техника: Solid Logic Technology

2) Медицина: Speech Language Therapist (логопед)

3) Американизм: Strategic Leadership Training

4) Военный термин: Ship Letter Telegram, Slit, simulated launch test, special launch trajectory, stockpile laboratory tests

5) Техника: Skip Loader Telescopic, side light, spaceborne landmark tracker

6) Химия: стандартная лабораторная температура

7) Религия: Spiritual Leadership Team

8) Грубое выражение: Small Little And Tight

9) Оптика: satellite laser tracking

10) Телекоммуникации: Signaling Link Termination, Strong Like Thunder

11) Сокращение: Standing Group on Long-term Cooperation, skylight, slate, spotlight

12) Текстиль: Shoe Lace Trick

13) Университет: School Of Leadership Training, Student Leadership Team

14) Физиология: Slight

15) Экология: sea level temperature

16) Образование: School Leadership Team

17) Сетевые технологии: Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty, Site Log Test, subscriber line terminal, однолинейный телефон, терминал абонентской линии

18) Расширение файла: Salt Script Application Language script source (Telix)

19) HR. strategic leadership team

20) Должность: Speech And Language Therapy

21) NYSE. Silverline Technologies, American Depositary Receipts

22) СМС: Something Like That

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > SLt
8 Slt

1) Компьютерная техника: Solid Logic Technology

2) Медицина: Speech Language Therapist (логопед)

3) Американизм: Strategic Leadership Training

4) Военный термин: Ship Letter Telegram, Slit, simulated launch test, special launch trajectory, stockpile laboratory tests

5) Техника: Skip Loader Telescopic, side light, spaceborne landmark tracker

6) Химия: стандартная лабораторная температура

7) Религия: Spiritual Leadership Team

8) Грубое выражение: Small Little And Tight

9) Оптика: satellite laser tracking

10) Телекоммуникации: Signaling Link Termination, Strong Like Thunder

11) Сокращение: Standing Group on Long-term Cooperation, skylight, slate, spotlight

12) Текстиль: Shoe Lace Trick

13) Университет: School Of Leadership Training, Student Leadership Team

14) Физиология: Slight

15) Экология: sea level temperature

16) Образование: School Leadership Team

17) Сетевые технологии: Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty, Site Log Test, subscriber line terminal, однолинейный телефон, терминал абонентской линии

18) Расширение файла: Salt Script Application Language script source (Telix)

19) HR. strategic leadership team

20) Должность: Speech And Language Therapy

21) NYSE. Silverline Technologies, American Depositary Receipts

22) СМС: Something Like That

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Slt
9 slt

1) Компьютерная техника: Solid Logic Technology

2) Медицина: Speech Language Therapist (логопед)

3) Американизм: Strategic Leadership Training

4) Военный термин: Ship Letter Telegram, Slit, simulated launch test, special launch trajectory, stockpile laboratory tests

5) Техника: Skip Loader Telescopic, side light, spaceborne landmark tracker

6) Химия: стандартная лабораторная температура

7) Религия: Spiritual Leadership Team

8) Грубое выражение: Small Little And Tight

9) Оптика: satellite laser tracking

10) Телекоммуникации: Signaling Link Termination, Strong Like Thunder

11) Сокращение: Standing Group on Long-term Cooperation, skylight, slate, spotlight

12) Текстиль: Shoe Lace Trick

13) Университет: School Of Leadership Training, Student Leadership Team

14) Физиология: Slight

15) Экология: sea level temperature

16) Образование: School Leadership Team

17) Сетевые технологии: Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty, Site Log Test, subscriber line terminal, однолинейный телефон, терминал абонентской линии

18) Расширение файла: Salt Script Application Language script source (Telix)

19) HR. strategic leadership team

20) Должность: Speech And Language Therapy

21) NYSE. Silverline Technologies, American Depositary Receipts

22) СМС: Something Like That

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > slt
10 investigación

f.

1 investigation, research.

2 investigation, search, inquiry, probe.

* * *

investigación

► nombre femenino

1 (indagación) investigation, enquiry

2 (estudio) research

* * *

noun f.

1) investigation, inquiry

2) research

* * *

SF

1) [de accidente, delito] [por la policía] investigation; [por un comité] inquiry

la investigación policial del robo — the police investigation of the robbery

la investigación de los dos casos de corrupción — the inquiry into the two cases of corruption

ha ordenado la investigación de las cuentas bancarias — he has ordered their bank accounts to be investigated

una comisión de investigación — a committee of inquiry

2) [científica, académica] research

están realizando una investigación sobre el ADN — they're doing research into o on DNA

hace trabajo de investigación — he's doing research work

un trabajo de investigación sobre el barroco — a research project on the baroque, a piece of research on the baroque

investigación de mercado — market research

investigación operativa — operational research, operations research

investigación y desarrollo — research and development

* * *

femenino

1)

a) (de caso, delito) investigation; ( por comisión especial) inquiry

llevar a cabo una investigación — to carry out an investigation, to hold an inquiry

b) (Educ, Med, Tec) research

investigación científica — scientific research

- investigación de la paternidad

- investigación de mercados

- investigación y desarrollo

2) Investigaciones femenino plural ( en Chi) criminal investigation department

* * *

= enquiry [inquiry, -USA], exploration, inquiry [enquiry, -UK], investigation, probe, research, scholarship, line of enquiry, a piece of + research, research activity, research effort, academic study.

Ex. A threshold weight appropriate to the specificity of the searcher's enquiry must be established.

Ex. This section goes no further than the exploration of ideas which are important for the appropriate support of software packages.

Ex. Several possible rules governing the reference interview are examined; one calls for inquiry into client's underlying wants, 'the face value rule', another for inquiry into underlying needs, 'the purpose rule'.

Ex. An improved awareness of existing work should strengthen the foundations of new investigations, and reduce the degree of duplication.

Ex. From 1985-89, a probe into library services took place into about 7,300 public and school libraries with some 53 million items in stock.

Ex. Abstracts may be submitted for editing and inclusion in bibliographies and bulletins by staff engaged in research.

Ex. The most important of the functions of librarians is the collection, preservation and affording access to the materials of scholarship.

Ex. The reviewer's place in citation chains is an important one because conceivably a carefully done critical review could make or break a line of enquiry or alter the direction of a chain of citations.

Ex. Part of library legend is now a steel manufacturer's after-dinner statement that if a piece of research cost less than $100,000, it was cheaper to repeat it than to try to find out if it had already been done.

Ex. Bibliometric analyses confirmed that review articles on topics that are generating high levels of research activity tend to have relatively voluminous bibliographies made up of a disproportionate number of citations to source materials of very recent vintage.

Ex. With renewed geologic interest in the Arctic and Antarctic, polar libraries are becoming increasingly important to support the research efforts in these areas.

Ex. Cyberculture is emerging as an interdisciplinary subject of academic study.

----

* ARL (Asociación de Bibliotecas de Investigación) = ARL (Association of Research Libraries).

* artículo de investigación = research paper, research article, research contribution.

* ayudante de investigación = research assistant.

* base de datos de investigación = research database.

* beca de investigación = research grant.

* becario de investigación = research grantee, research student.

* biblioteca de investigación = research library.

* biblioteconomía especializada en las bibliotecas de investigación = research librianship.

* centro de investigación = research centre, research unit.

* colaboración en la investigación = cooperative research.

* colaborador de investigación = research fellow.

* colección de investigación = research collection.

* comisión de investigación = commission of enquiry, investigating committee, investigation committee.

* contribución a la investigación = research contribution.

* dedicado a la investigación = research-oriented.

* de investigación = exploratory.

* departamento de investigación = research unit.

* documentos producto de investigación = research materials.

* empresa de investigación = research firm.

* equipo de investigación = research team.

* estrategia de investigación = research strategy.

* frente de investigación = research front.

* grupo de investigación = research group.

* Grupo de Investigación sobre la Clasificación (CRG) = Classification Research Group (CRG).

* herramienta de investigación = research tool.

* informe del resultado de una investigación = research report.

* iniciar una investigación = launch + investigation.

* institución de investigación = research institution.

* instituto de investigación = research institute.

* instituto para la investigación y el desarrollo = research and development institute.

* investigación-acción = action research.

* investigación aplicada = action research.

* investigación biomédica = biomedical research.

* investigación científica = academic research, scientific research, scientific enquiry, scholarly research.

* investigación clínica = clinical research.

* investigación cooperativa = cooperative research.

* investigación criminal = criminal investigation.

* investigación cualitativa = qualitative research.

* investigación cuantitativa = quantitative research.

* investigación de campo = intervention research, field research.

* investigación de despacho = desk research.

* investigación de mercado = market research, consumer research.

* investigación educativa = educational research.

* investigación empírica = empirical research.

* investigación en biblioteconomía y documentación = library and information science research.

* investigación en biblioteconomía = library research.

* investigación en biomedicina = biomedical research.

* investigación en ciencias de la documentación = information science research.

* investigación en colaboración = collaborative research.

* investigación en documentación = information science research.

* investigación en educación = educational research.

* investigación en equipo = team research.

* investigación en medicina = medical research.

* investigaciones = research evidence.

* investigaciones, las = research literature, literature of research.

* investigaciones operativas = operations research.

* investigación genética = genetic research.

* investigación histórica = historical research.

* investigación industrial = industrial research.

* investigación mediante sondeos = survey research.

* investigación médica = medical research.

* investigación operativa = operational research.

* investigación para la creación de innovaciones = innovation research.

* investigación pedagógica = educational research.

* investigación y desarrollo (I+D) = research and development (R&D).

* línea de investigación = line of enquiry, line of research, line of enquiry, research front, avenue (for/of) research, research avenue, avenue of investigation, research line.

* línea de investigación futura = avenue (for/of) future research.

* línea de investigación posible = avenue for further research.

* metodología de investigación = research methodology.

* no dedicado a la investigación = non-research.

* periodismo de investigación = investigative reporting, investigative journalism.

* permiso sabático para dedicarse a la investigación = research leave.

* producción científica de investigación = research literature.

* programa de investigación = research agenda.

* propuesta de proyecto de investigación = research proposal.

* protocolo de investigación = research protocol.

* proyecto de investigación = research project, research initiative.

* realizar una investigación = carry out + research, conduct + investigation, conduct + research, do + research, undertake + investigation, undertake + research.

* Red Informativa de las Bibliotecas de Investigación en USA = RLIN.

* rendimiento en la investigación = research performance.

* revista de investigación = research periodical.

* RLG (Grupo de Bibliotecas de Investigación) = RLG (Research Libraries Group).

* técnica de investigación = research technique.

* tema de investigación = area of enquiry [area of inquiry], research question, research topic.

* trabajo de investigación = investigative work, research paper, research work.

* visita por motivos de investigación = research trip, research visit.

* visita por razones de investigación = research trip, research visit.

* * *

femenino

1)

a) (de caso, delito) investigation; ( por comisión especial) inquiry

llevar a cabo una investigación — to carry out an investigation, to hold an inquiry

b) (Educ, Med, Tec) research

investigación científica — scientific research

- investigación de la paternidad

- investigación de mercados

- investigación y desarrollo

2) Investigaciones femenino plural ( en Chi) criminal investigation department

* * *

= enquiry [inquiry, -USA], exploration, inquiry [enquiry, -UK], investigation, probe, research, scholarship, line of enquiry, a piece of + research, research activity, research effort, academic study.

Ex: A threshold weight appropriate to the specificity of the searcher's enquiry must be established.

Ex: This section goes no further than the exploration of ideas which are important for the appropriate support of software packages.

Ex: Several possible rules governing the reference interview are examined; one calls for inquiry into client's underlying wants, 'the face value rule', another for inquiry into underlying needs, 'the purpose rule'.

Ex: An improved awareness of existing work should strengthen the foundations of new investigations, and reduce the degree of duplication.

Ex: From 1985-89, a probe into library services took place into about 7,300 public and school libraries with some 53 million items in stock.

Ex: Abstracts may be submitted for editing and inclusion in bibliographies and bulletins by staff engaged in research.

Ex: The most important of the functions of librarians is the collection, preservation and affording access to the materials of scholarship.

Ex: The reviewer's place in citation chains is an important one because conceivably a carefully done critical review could make or break a line of enquiry or alter the direction of a chain of citations.

Ex: Part of library legend is now a steel manufacturer's after-dinner statement that if a piece of research cost less than $100,000, it was cheaper to repeat it than to try to find out if it had already been done.

Ex: Bibliometric analyses confirmed that review articles on topics that are generating high levels of research activity tend to have relatively voluminous bibliographies made up of a disproportionate number of citations to source materials of very recent vintage.

Ex: With renewed geologic interest in the Arctic and Antarctic, polar libraries are becoming increasingly important to support the research efforts in these areas.

Ex: Cyberculture is emerging as an interdisciplinary subject of academic study.

* ARL (Asociación de Bibliotecas de Investigación) = ARL (Association of Research Libraries).

* artículo de investigación = research paper, research article, research contribution.

* ayudante de investigación = research assistant.

* base de datos de investigación = research database.

* beca de investigación = research grant.

* becario de investigación = research grantee, research student.

* biblioteca de investigación = research library.

* biblioteconomía especializada en las bibliotecas de investigación = research librianship.

* centro de investigación = research centre, research unit.

* colaboración en la investigación = cooperative research.

* colaborador de investigación = research fellow.

* colección de investigación = research collection.

* comisión de investigación = commission of enquiry, investigating committee, investigation committee.

* contribución a la investigación = research contribution.

* dedicado a la investigación = research-oriented.

* de investigación = exploratory.

* departamento de investigación = research unit.

* documentos producto de investigación = research materials.

* empresa de investigación = research firm.

* equipo de investigación = research team.

* estrategia de investigación = research strategy.

* frente de investigación = research front.

* grupo de investigación = research group.

* Grupo de Investigación sobre la Clasificación (CRG) = Classification Research Group (CRG).

* herramienta de investigación = research tool.

* informe del resultado de una investigación = research report.

* iniciar una investigación = launch + investigation.

* institución de investigación = research institution.

* instituto de investigación = research institute.

* instituto para la investigación y el desarrollo = research and development institute.

* investigación-acción = action research.

* investigación aplicada = action research.

* investigación biomédica = biomedical research.

* investigación científica = academic research, scientific research, scientific enquiry, scholarly research.

* investigación clínica = clinical research.

* investigación cooperativa = cooperative research.

* investigación criminal = criminal investigation.

* investigación cualitativa = qualitative research.

* investigación cuantitativa = quantitative research.

* investigación de campo = intervention research, field research.

* investigación de despacho = desk research.

* investigación de mercado = market research, consumer research.

* investigación educativa = educational research.

* investigación empírica = empirical research.

* investigación en biblioteconomía y documentación = library and information science research.

* investigación en biblioteconomía = library research.

* investigación en biomedicina = biomedical research.

* investigación en ciencias de la documentación = information science research.

* investigación en colaboración = collaborative research.

* investigación en documentación = information science research.

* investigación en educación = educational research.

* investigación en equipo = team research.

* investigación en medicina = medical research.

* investigaciones = research evidence.

* investigaciones, las = research literature, literature of research.

* investigaciones operativas = operations research.

* investigación genética = genetic research.

* investigación histórica = historical research.

* investigación industrial = industrial research.

* investigación mediante sondeos = survey research.

* investigación médica = medical research.

* investigación operativa = operational research.

* investigación para la creación de innovaciones = innovation research.

* investigación pedagógica = educational research.

* investigación y desarrollo (I+D) = research and development (R&D).

* línea de investigación = line of enquiry, line of research, line of enquiry, research front, avenue (for/of) research, research avenue, avenue of investigation, research line.

* línea de investigación futura = avenue (for/of) future research.

* línea de investigación posible = avenue for further research.

* metodología de investigación = research methodology.

* no dedicado a la investigación = non-research.

* periodismo de investigación = investigative reporting, investigative journalism.

* permiso sabático para dedicarse a la investigación = research leave.

* producción científica de investigación = research literature.

* programa de investigación = research agenda.

* propuesta de proyecto de investigación = research proposal.

* protocolo de investigación = research protocol.

* proyecto de investigación = research project, research initiative.

* realizar una investigación = carry out + research, conduct + investigation, conduct + research, do + research, undertake + investigation, undertake + research.

* Red Informativa de las Bibliotecas de Investigación en USA = RLIN.

* rendimiento en la investigación = research performance.

* revista de investigación = research periodical.

* RLG (Grupo de Bibliotecas de Investigación) = RLG (Research Libraries Group).

* técnica de investigación = research technique.

* tema de investigación = area of enquiry [area of inquiry], research question, research topic.

* trabajo de investigación = investigative work, research paper, research work.

* visita por motivos de investigación = research trip, research visit.

* visita por razones de investigación = research trip, research visit.

* * *

investigación

feminine

A

1 (de un caso, un delito) investigation

30 agentes trabajan en la investigación del caso Torosa 30 officers are investigating the Torosa case

la policía ha abierto una investigación sobre el caso the police have started o opened o launched an investigation into the case

el senador exige que se lleve a cabo una investigación the senator is demanding an inquiry o an investigation

2 ( Educ, Med, Tec) research

investigación científica scientific research

realizó una investigación sobre esta terapia he carried out research into o a study of this therapy

Compuestos:

● investigación de la paternidad

tests to establish paternity (pl)

● investigación de mercados

market research

● investigación operativa

operations research

● investigación y desarrollo

research and development

B Investigaciones fpl (en Chi) criminal investigation department

* * *

investigación sustantivo femenino
a) (de caso, delito) investigation;

( por comisión especial) inquiry
b) (Educ, Med, Tec) research;

◊ investigación científica scientific research;

investigación de mercados market research
investigación sustantivo femenino
1 (pesquisa, indagación) investigation
2 (estudio riguroso) research
' investigación' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
adelante
- beca
- Cesid
- consejo
- escrupulosa
- escrupuloso
- estancar
- estancada
- estancado
- estudio
- exhaustiva
- exhaustivo
- F.B.I
- puntera
- puntero
- relevante
- rigurosa
- riguroso
- someterse
- terrena
- terreno
- abrir
- archivar
- centrar
- cuidadoso
- dedicar
- destinar
- detenido
- dirigir
- encuesta
- examen
- expediente
- fondo
- fruto
- hacer
- meticuloso
- minucioso
- objeto
- potenciar
- realizar
English:
aid
- appropriate
- behind
- bureau
- CID
- compass
- consumer research
- diligent
- enquiry
- fellowship
- full-scale
- grant
- hush-hush
- in-house
- inquest
- inquiry
- institute
- investigation
- province
- research
- scope
- screening
- survey
- thorough
- vet
- allocate
- fact
- investigate
- line
- market
- means
- narrow
- probe
- screen
- station
- way

* * *

investigación nf

1. [estudio] research;

estoy haciendo una investigación sobre los incas I'm doing a research project o I'm doing some research on the Incas

Comp
investigación científica scientific research;
investigación y desarrollo research and development;

investigación de mercado market research

2. [indagación] investigation, inquiry;

la investigación de un atentado the investigation into an attack;

se ha abierto una investigación sobre el incidente an inquiry o an investigation into the incident has been opened;

comisión de investigación committee of inquiry

Comp
investigación judicial judicial inquiry
* * *

investigación

f

1 policial investigation

2 EDU, TÉC research;

investigación genética genetic research

* * *

investigación nf, pl - ciones

1) encuesta, indagación: investigation, inquiry

2) : research

* * *

investigación n

1. (policial) investigation

2. (gubernamental, pública) inquiry [pl. inquiries]

3. (científica, académica) research

la investigación sobre el cáncer research into cancer

Spanish-English dictionary > investigación
11 product

noun

produit m

product advertising publicité f de produit;

product analysis analyse f de produit;

product attribute attribut m du produit;

product augmentation amélioration f du produit;

product awareness notoriété f ou mémorisation f du produit;

product awareness level degré m de mémorisation d'un produit;

product bundling groupage m de produits;

product bundling pricing fixation f des prix par lot;

product category catégorie f de produit;

product champion champion m de produit;

product depth profondeur f de produit;

product design conception f des produits;

product development élaboration f de produit;

product development cost coût m de l'élaboration du produit;

product development programme programme m de mise au point du produit;

product differentiation différenciation f du produit;

product display présentation f du produit;

product diversification diversification f des produits;

product dynamics dynamique f des produits;

product features caractéristiques f pl du produit;

product form type m de produit;

product group manager directeur(trice) m, f de groupe de produits;

product hierarchy hiérarchie f des produits;

product image image f de produit;

product improvement amélioration de produit;

product information sheet fiche f technique;

product innovation innovation f de produit;

product launch lancement m de produit;

product launch file dossier m de lancement;

EU product liability responsabilité f du produit;

product liability insurance assurance f de responsabilité du produit;

product lifecycle cycle m de vie du produit;

product lifecycle curve courbe f du cycle de vie du produit;

product line ligne f de produits;

product line manager directeur(trice) de ligne de produits;

product management gestion f de produits;

product manager chef m de produit, directeur(trice) de produit;

product mapping carte f perceptuelle de produits;

product market marché m de produits;

product marketing marketing m du produit;

product mix assortiment m ou mix m de produits;

product mix depth profondeur de l'assortiment de produits;

product mix width largeur f de l'assortiment de produits;

product orientation optique f produit;

product performance test test m de performance du produit;

MARKETING product placement placement m de produit;

product planning planification f du produit;

product policy politique f de lancement d'un produit;

product portfolio portefeuille m de produits;

product positioning positionnement m du produit;

product positioning map carte f de positionnement des produits;

product profile profil m de produit;

product promotion communication f produit;

product range gamme f de produits;

product research recherche f de produits;

product specialist spécialiste m f produit;

product test test de produit;

product testing tests m pl de produit;

product testing panel panel m d'essayeurs de produits

English-French business dictionary > product
12 detection

n

обнаружение, открытие; расследование

- detection and identification of underground tests

- detection of man-made explosions

- detection capability

- detection range

- detection threshold

- launch-on-reliable detection

- detection of underground tests

- detection of unidentified objects

- detection station

English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > detection
13 SLT

SLT, simulated launch test

ркт испытания в условиях имитации пуска
————————
SLT, special [specific] launch trajectory

особая траектория пуска
————————
SLT, stockpile laboratory tests

лабораторные испытания запасов материальных средств

English-Russian dictionary of planing, cross-planing and slotting machines > SLT
14 near cash

!

гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

Introduction

This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.

Principles of the framework

The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
"
consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
" "
the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
" "
strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
"
the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.

The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
"
the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
"
the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.

Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.

Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)

The framework for public expenditure is divided between
"
Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
"
Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.

More information about DEL and AME is set out below.

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Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL)

In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.

Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.

Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.

There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.

Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME)

AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.

AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.

AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.

Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.

Total Managed Expenditure

Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.

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Resource Accounting and Budgeting ( RAB)

Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
"
Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
"
Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
"
Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
"
Administration Budgets (see below)

Administration Budgets

The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.

Spending Reviews

The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.

The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.

Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.

The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
"
provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
" "
enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
" "
introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
"
not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.

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Comprehensive Spending Review 2007

To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.

A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
"
an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
" "
an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
" "
to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
"
further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.

The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.

Obtaining good performance

Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.

The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.

Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.

Departmental Investment Strategies (DISs)

To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.

This document was updated on 19 December 2005.

Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money

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GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
"
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GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money

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GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.

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64Managing Public Money

Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash
15 LFT

1) Военный термин: late finish time, launch facility trainer, light fire team, live fire test

2) Сокращение: Liquid Flow-Through (cooling), Live Fire Testing, lifting

3) Физиология: Liver Function Tests

4) Иммунология: Liver Function Test

5) Транспорт: Lower Fuel Tank

6) Сетевые технологии: Layer Four Traceroute

7) Полимеры: long fiber termoplastic

8) Пластмассы: ДВТ, длинноволоконный термопласт / термопласт с длинным волокном

9) Макаров: ligand field theory

10) Расширение файла: Laser printer font (ChiWriter), Low Function Terminal (IBM)

11) Аэропорты: Lafayette, Louisiana USA

12) НАСА: Low Frequency Transmission

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > LFT
16 lft

1) Военный термин: late finish time, launch facility trainer, light fire team, live fire test

2) Сокращение: Liquid Flow-Through (cooling), Live Fire Testing, lifting

3) Физиология: Liver Function Tests

4) Иммунология: Liver Function Test

5) Транспорт: Lower Fuel Tank

6) Сетевые технологии: Layer Four Traceroute

7) Полимеры: long fiber termoplastic

8) Пластмассы: ДВТ, длинноволоконный термопласт / термопласт с длинным волокном

9) Макаров: ligand field theory

10) Расширение файла: Laser printer font (ChiWriter), Low Function Terminal (IBM)

11) Аэропорты: Lafayette, Louisiana USA

12) НАСА: Low Frequency Transmission

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > lft
17 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom

SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering, Land transport, Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Ports and shipping, Public utilities, Railways and locomotives

[br]

b. 9 April 1806 Portsea, Hampshire, England

d. 15 September 1859 18 Duke Street, St James's, London, England

[br]

English civil and mechanical engineer.

[br]

The son of Marc Isambard Brunel and Sophia Kingdom, he was educated at a private boarding-school in Hove. At the age of 14 he went to the College of Caen and then to the Lycée Henri-Quatre in Paris, after which he was apprenticed to Louis Breguet. In 1822 he returned from France and started working in his father's office, while spending much of his time at the works of Maudslay, Sons \& Field.

From 1825 to 1828 he worked under his father on the construction of the latter's Thames Tunnel, occupying the position of Engineer-in-Charge, exhibiting great courage and presence of mind in the emergencies which occurred not infrequently. These culminated in January 1828 in the flooding of the tunnel and work was suspended for seven years. For the next five years the young engineer made abortive attempts to find a suitable outlet for his talents, but to little avail. Eventually, in 1831, his design for a suspension bridge over the River Avon at Clifton Gorge was accepted and he was appointed Engineer. (The bridge was eventually finished five years after Brunel's death, as a memorial to him, the delay being due to inadequate financing.) He next planned and supervised improvements to the Bristol docks. In March 1833 he was appointed Engineer of the Bristol Railway, later called the Great Western Railway. He immediately started to survey the route between London and Bristol that was completed by late August that year. On 5 July 1836 he married Mary Horsley and settled into 18 Duke Street, Westminster, London, where he also had his office. Work on the Bristol Railway started in 1836. The foundation stone of the Clifton Suspension Bridge was laid the same year. Whereas George Stephenson had based his standard railway gauge as 4 ft 8½ in (1.44 m), that or a similar gauge being usual for colliery wagonways in the Newcastle area, Brunel adopted the broader gauge of 7 ft (2.13 m). The first stretch of the line, from Paddington to Maidenhead, was opened to traffic on 4 June 1838, and the whole line from London to Bristol was opened in June 1841. The continuation of the line through to Exeter was completed and opened on 1 May 1844. The normal time for the 194-mile (312 km) run from Paddington to Exeter was 5 hours, at an average speed of 38.8 mph (62.4 km/h) including stops. The Great Western line included the Box Tunnel, the longest tunnel to that date at nearly two miles (3.2 km).

Brunel was the engineer of most of the railways in the West Country, in South Wales and much of Southern Ireland. As railway networks developed, the frequent break of gauge became more of a problem and on 9 July 1845 a Royal Commission was appointed to look into it. In spite of comparative tests, run between Paddington-Didcot and Darlington-York, which showed in favour of Brunel's arrangement, the enquiry ruled in favour of the narrow gauge, 274 miles (441 km) of the former having been built against 1,901 miles (3,059 km) of the latter to that date. The Gauge Act of 1846 forbade the building of any further railways in Britain to any gauge other than 4 ft 8 1/2 in (1.44 m).

The existence of long and severe gradients on the South Devon Railway led to Brunel's adoption of the atmospheric railway developed by Samuel Clegg and later by the Samuda brothers. In this a pipe of 9 in. (23 cm) or more in diameter was laid between the rails, along the top of which ran a continuous hinged flap of leather backed with iron. At intervals of about 3 miles (4.8 km) were pumping stations to exhaust the pipe. Much trouble was experienced with the flap valve and its lubrication—freezing of the leather in winter, the lubricant being sucked into the pipe or eaten by rats at other times—and the experiment was abandoned at considerable cost.

Brunel is to be remembered for his two great West Country tubular bridges, the Chepstow and the Tamar Bridge at Saltash, with the latter opened in May 1859, having two main spans of 465 ft (142 m) and a central pier extending 80 ft (24 m) below high water mark and allowing 100 ft (30 m) of headroom above the same. His timber viaducts throughout Devon and Cornwall became a feature of the landscape. The line was extended ultimately to Penzance.

As early as 1835 Brunel had the idea of extending the line westwards across the Atlantic from Bristol to New York by means of a steamship. In 1836 building commenced and the hull left Bristol in July 1837 for fitting out at Wapping. On 31 March 1838 the ship left again for Bristol but the boiler lagging caught fire and Brunel was injured in the subsequent confusion. On 8 April the ship set sail for New York (under steam), its rival, the 703-ton Sirius, having left four days earlier. The 1,340-ton Great Western arrived only a few hours after the Sirius. The hull was of wood, and was copper-sheathed. In 1838 Brunel planned a larger ship, some 3,000 tons, the Great Britain, which was to have an iron hull.

The Great Britain was screwdriven and was launched on 19 July 1843,289 ft (88 m) long by 51 ft (15.5 m) at its widest. The ship's first voyage, from Liverpool to New York, began on 26 August 1845. In 1846 it ran aground in Dundrum Bay, County Down, and was later sold for use on the Australian run, on which it sailed no fewer than thirty-two times in twenty-three years, also serving as a troop-ship in the Crimean War. During this war, Brunel designed a 1,000-bed hospital which was shipped out to Renkioi ready for assembly and complete with shower-baths and vapour-baths with printed instructions on how to use them, beds and bedding and water closets with a supply of toilet paper! Brunel's last, largest and most extravagantly conceived ship was the Great Leviathan, eventually named The Great Eastern, which had a double-skinned iron hull, together with both paddles and screw propeller. Brunel designed the ship to carry sufficient coal for the round trip to Australia without refuelling, thus saving the need for and the cost of bunkering, as there were then few bunkering ports throughout the world. The ship's construction was started by John Scott Russell in his yard at Millwall on the Thames, but the building was completed by Brunel due to Russell's bankruptcy in 1856. The hull of the huge vessel was laid down so as to be launched sideways into the river and then to be floated on the tide. Brunel's plan for hydraulic launching gear had been turned down by the directors on the grounds of cost, an economy that proved false in the event. The sideways launch with over 4,000 tons of hydraulic power together with steam winches and floating tugs on the river took over two months, from 3 November 1857 until 13 January 1858. The ship was 680 ft (207 m) long, 83 ft (25 m) beam and 58 ft (18 m) deep; the screw was 24 ft (7.3 m) in diameter and paddles 60 ft (18.3 m) in diameter. Its displacement was 32,000 tons (32,500 tonnes).

The strain of overwork and the huge responsibilities that lay on Brunel began to tell. He was diagnosed as suffering from Bright's disease, or nephritis, and spent the winter travelling in the Mediterranean and Egypt, returning to England in May 1859. On 5 September he suffered a stroke which left him partially paralysed, and he died ten days later at his Duke Street home.

[br]

Further Reading

L.T.C.Rolt, 1957, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, London: Longmans Green. J.Dugan, 1953, The Great Iron Ship, Hamish Hamilton.

IMcN

Biographical history of technology > Brunel, Isambard Kingdom

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